From the Internet

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Samuel Chiron: How Heteronormative Paradigms Ostracize Queer Populations in Intimate Partner Violence Research

Kai M Green: Navigating Masculinity as a Black Transman: “I will never straighten out my wrist.”​

Dr. Eric Anthony Grollman: Intellectual Violence in Academia

Mary Emily O'Hara: Domestic Violence Shelters Are Turning Away LGBTQ Victims

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(Mostly) Journal Articles

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Baker, Nancy L. et al. “Lessons from Examining Same-Sex Intimate Partner Violence.” Sex Roles 69.3–4 (2013): 182–192. Web.

Nancy Baker and her co-authors state that the initial awareness and study of intimate partner violence (IPV) began in the mid-1970s, and was termed “wife abuse.” Feminist theory reinforced the framing of IPV as a heterosexual dynamic, wherein the man was the perpetrator and the woman was the victim. Baker argues that this framework not only marginalizes many victims, but also impedes understanding of the societal and ideological factors that contribute to IPV. Therefore, including same-sex couples in IPV research will be beneficial to the field of study as a whole.

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Banks, Jamye R., and Alicia L. Fedewa. “Counselors’ Attitudes toward Domestic Violence in Same-Sex versus Opposite-Sex Relationships.” Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development 40.4 (2012): 194–205. Web.

Jamye Banks and Alicia Fedewa analyzed several studies about how opposite-sex and same-sex domestic violence are perceived differently. They found that study participants generally saw same-sex domestic violence as less serious, were more likely to suggest counseling for the couple, less likely to recommend legal action be taken, and less likely to believe the victim was credible. Banks and Fedewa point out that the discrepancy of perceptions has serious public health implications, if the recommendations of counselors are influenced by the patient’s sexual orientation.

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Boyer, C Reyn, and M. Paz Galupo. “Attitudes Toward Individuals in Same-Sex and Cross-Sex Encounters: Implications for Bisexuality.” Journal of Bisexuality 15 (2015): 57–68. Web.

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Breiding, Matthew J, et al. "Intimate Partner Violence Surveillance: Uniform Definitions and Recommended Data Elements." Vers. 2.0. 26 April 2016. www.cdc.gov. Web. 14 October 2016.

The National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, part of the CDC, issued an updated publication to assist researchers with gathering data about intimate partner violence (IPV). This publication is intended to help provide consistency in reporting between hospitals, law enforcement, domestic violence shelters, and any other individual or organization seeking to gather data on IPV. Version 2.0 expanded and updated the definitions of terms. It also now includes sexual orientation and gender identity in the list of recommended data elements (RDE).

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—. "Prevalence and Characteristics of Sexual Violence, Stalking, and Intimate Partner Violence Victimization — National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey, United States, 2011." 5 September 2014. www.cdc.gov. Web. 14 October 2016.

The CDC’s Division of Violence Prevention completed interviews with 12,727 adults about their experiences with intimate partner violence (IPV). The survey dichotomized the sex variable into male/female, and therefore, the results of the survey are described in exclusively male/female language. The respondents were not asked about their sexual orientation or gender identity.

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Dodge, Brian et al. “Attitudes toward Bisexual Men and Women among a Nationally Representative Probability Sample of Adults in the United States.” Plos One 11.10 (2016): e0164430. Web.

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Dobash, Russell P. et al. “The Myth of Sexual Symmetry in Marital Violence Problems the Myth of Sexual Symmetry in Marital Violence.” 39.1 (2016): 71–91. Print.

Russel Dobash et al. critique multiple studies that argue for gender symmetry in IPV. They address issues with the Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS) and the use of homicide data as evidence of gender symmetry.

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Durkheim, Emile. Suicide. New York: The Free Press, 1951. Print.

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Hamby, S. “Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Research: Scientific Progress, Scientific Challenges, and Gender.” Trauma, Violence, & Abuse. 15.3 (2014): 149–158. Web.

Sherry Hamby argues that virtually no progress has been made in four decades of IPV research. She attributes this to lack of technological innovation (she includes survey formats as technology), the debate about gender symmetry between family violence scholars and feminist scholars, and institutional issues regarding funding, publication, and tenure. Hamby also is highly critical of the Conflict Tactic Scale (CTS) and the revised version (CTS2).

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Hill, Darryl B., and Brian L B Willoughby. “The Development and Validation of the Genderism and Transphobia Scale.” Sex Roles. 53.7–8 (2005): 531–544. Web.

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Hoy-Ellis, Charles P and Karen I Fredriksen-Goldsen. "Lesbian, gay, & bisexual older adults: linking internal minority stressors, chronic health conditions, and depression." Aging & Mental Health. 20.11 (2016): 1119-1130. Web. 25 October 2016.

Charles Hoy-Ellis and Karen Fredriksen-Goldsen use secondary data analysis from the National Health, Aging, & Sexuality Study (NHAS) to analyze the health outcomes for older LGB adults. They looked specifically at depression and chronic health conditions. They also utilized the Homosexual Self-Stigma subscale developed by Liu, Feng, & Rhodes, to measure internalized heterosexism. They found that internalized stigma is a chronic stressor unto itself, and positively correlates with negative health outcomes.

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Johnson, Michael P. “Conflict and Control: Gender Symmetry and Asymmetry in Domestic Violence.” Violence Against Women 12.11 (2006): 1003–1018. Web.

Michael Johnson describes four types of IPV that have varying degrees of controlling/violent behavior and directionality. These include intimate terrorism, violent resistance, situational couple violence, and mutual violent control (1003). Johnson states that gender symmetry varies according to the type of IPV in the relationship. He recognizes early in the article that he is discussing heterosexual relationships. He also states the there are different causes and motivations behind the different types, which has implications for policy and prevention.

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Lytle, Megan C, Susan M De Luca and John R Blosnich. "The Influence of Intersecting Identities on Self-Harm, Suicidal Behaviors, and Depression among Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Individuals." Suicide & Life-threatening Behavior 44.4 (2014): 384-91. Web. 25 October 2016.
Megan Lytle, Susan De Luca, and John Blosnich used secondary data analysis from the National College Health Assesement (2008-2009) to evaluate the role intersectionality plays in negative mental health outcomes. They compared LGB to heterosexual identified persons within different ethnic/racial groups in regards to experience of self-harm, depression, suicidal ideation, and suicide attempts. Among each racial group, they found significant differences between LGB and heterosexual individuals. At the very least, LGB individuals were three times more likely to report experiencing those events within the past year.

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Maglioizzi, Devon;, Aliya; Saperstein, and Laurel; Westbrook. “Scaling Up: Representing Gender Diversity in Survey Researc H.” Socius 2. (2016): 1–11. Web.

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McCann, Hannah. "Epistemology of The Subject: Queer Theory's Challenge to Feminist Sociology." Women's Studies Quarterly 44.3/4 (2016): 224-243. Academic Search Complete. Web. 14 Oct. 2016.

Hannah McCann defines feminist theory and queer theory side by side, and discusses the way in which they each relate to sociological research. She points out that even though feminist theory is not always essentialist in its concepts of gender, the practice of feminist research typically falls on the gender binary. McCann also explores the challenges and potential in conducting research based on queer theory.

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Moe, Jeffery L. "Wellness and Distress in LGBTQ Populations: A Meta-Analysis." Journal of LGBT Issues in Counseling 10.2 (2016): 112-129. Web. 27 October 2016.
Jeffery Moe conducted a meta-analysis of literature published in Journal of LGBT Issues in Counseling. Using a framework of wellness as a guide, Moe analyzed the degree to which studies explored LGBTQ+ issues using the indivisible self model of holistic wellness (IS-WEL). Moe found that the prevalance of deficiet-framed research contributes to increased heteronormative and gender bias. They recommend that future research incorporate ways in which marginalized individuals find social support and cultivate wellness, in order to allow participants to express their identities in a more positive and affirming way.

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Nadal, Kevin L., Avy Skolnik, and Yinglee Wong. “Interpersonal and Systemic Microaggressions Toward Transgender People: Implications for Counseling.” Journal of LGBT Issues in Counseling. 6.1 (2012): 55–82. Web.

Kevin Nadal, Avy Skolnik and Yinglee Wong conducted a qualitative study with nine transgender individuals to explore the ways in which they are affected by microagressions. Nadal et al note in their literature review that other studies have paid attention to microagressions experienced by the queer community in general, but have not looked at transgender microagression outside of sexual orientation. They found that microagressions have a significant impact on all aspects of the participants’ lives, and they provide recommendations for how counselors, researchers, and government agencies may be more inclusive of transgender individuals.

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National Coalition of Anti-Violence Programs. "Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer, and HIV-Affected Intimate Partner Violence in 2015." 17 October 2016. www.avp.org. Web. 28 October 2016.

The National Coalition of Anti-Violence Programs (NCAVP) is a coalition of organizations that deal with research, education, policy, and assistance to victims of intimate partner violence (IPV). In 2015, they issued their first report about IPV in the LGBTQ+ community. They interviewed 1,976 IPV survivors through 17 NCAVP organizations to study the frequency and nature of IPV in the LGBTQ community, as well as the availability of resources. Of the participants who sought assistance from a domestic violence shelter, 44% of them were turned away. Of those who were turned away, 77% stated it was due to their gender identity.

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